Japanese 103: Basic Grammar

[karanguni]

Assignment

• Get a general sense of how verb conjugation works: stem + modifier
• Learn the difference between ichidan and godan verbs
• Drill a lot

By this point, you've probably struggle-boated through a lot of dictionary lookups and attempts at translating with no ropes. Now for grammar! It's a little backwards to have got you working on real texts before bringing in any actual ability to parse them, but in this case I think reading over constructions first helps: you've done the dirty work, and the bricks-and-mortar will (hopefully) come along more easily for it. Less fear of reading "real stuff" and more actually reading it and coping with uncertainty around what's still unknown.

So onwards!

Advanced warning that most of this post is exploratory: I'm going to talk a bit about Japanese verbs in general before ever touching something concrete. It's all going to be very far from what you'll get in most English textbooks and grammars.
My hope is that what this post will do is give anyone reading a starting point into the grammar that is grounded on the 五十音 table. We'll work from the top down, going by sound as opposed to tenses and verb forms.

P.S: this is all also in the google doc from the previous lesson.

On Verbs

Luckily for all involved, Japanese is fairly easy to read because verbs are - with a few, notable exceptions - incredibly regular. Once you conquer verbs, particles, auxiliary stuff, and nouns will fall like dominos.

Because they're so regular, they're also fun to drill and easy to look up. I'm going to lay out a lot of information, but in a way that's a little bit closer to the way it's taught natively than what you'll see in textbooks.

English language textbooks are going to, by and large, start out with the Big Few Irregular Verbs -　する (to do)　・ ある (to exist - inanimate) ・くる(to come) ・だ (to be, is). They're irregular because they don't conjugate the way all other verbs do.
That's well and good: those verbs are incredibly common and important. But, I figure, if you're going to spend time learning grammar - learn the standards. So we're going to treat the exceptions as things, like kana, to be Blindly Memorised. Because they are! We'll cover them next lesson.

Regular Verbs - ichidan and godan

In the meantime, we're going to start with the two types of regular verbs: 一段(いち・だん） and 五段（ご・だん）. The　いち one and　ご five are significant: 一段 verbs have a single, unchanging stem that's used in all conjugations. 五段 verbs have stems that require mutation in order to achieve different conjugations.

Let's see what this means in a table...

Conjugated Form of...	Ichidan たべる To eat	Godan　いく To go
Negative	たべ・ない	いか・ない
Polite	たべ・ます	いき・ます
Dictionary	たべる	いく
Hypothetical	たべれ・ば	いけ・ば
Volitional	たべろ・う	いこ・う
Past	たべた	いった

That a - i - u - e - o line sure looks familiar, don't it?

Takeaways:

• Ichidan verbs have a stem that doesn't change when conjugated. They often end in る, which is why some English textbooks refer to them as -ru verbs.
• Godan verbs do require a stem change, and step through the five vowel sounds to do so. English textbooks call these -u verbs because of that.

I'm going to stay away from the -ru and -u verb terminology because it makes not much sense. For one, some godan verbs end in -ru anyway! For another, what does -u mean? Nothing.

Q: How do I tell if something's ichidan or godan?

A: Practice and exposure. When you see ～いる　or ～える, it's likely to be ichidan. Other than that, it's a matter of listening and reading a lot. Plenty of guides out there offer means and ways to help.

Sidenote: What The Hell Is This Table, K

The table lays out ways of getting a verb into a verb form. Japanese conjugates and agglutinates to do what it does. If you've done a classical language, this is all going to be pretty familiar. Take a stem, modify it a bit, throw some stuff on it, boom.

I'm going to lay out grammar based on the table because there are plenty of resources out there for when you want to learn precisely how to get to a particular verb form you're interested in. It's really good for two things in particular:

• It builds on the 五十音;
• It covers a bunch of the common verb forms;
• It reminds us that there are more to verbs than just tense!
• It reminds us that Japanese has a plain (dictionary) form and a polite form.

Sidenote: Dictionary versus Polite Form?!

Yup! Japanese comes in flavours. Plain, dictionary Japanese conjugates one way, polite Japanese in another. There's no real English equivalent. It's exactly what it says on the tin: a difference in formality and style with just some grammar to spice it up. There's more to it, but we don't need to worry about it for now.

Gotta Start Somewhere: Negative + Negative Past

Let's start with the top, あ-sound row of the table and practice negation. We'll get the most bang for your buck by practicing both plain and polite forms. This is a good time to just drill like a drone and memorise the sounds.

Godan　

行く　（い・く）　To go

Form	Dictionary	Polite
Negative To not go	行かない	行きません
Negative past Did not go	行かなかった	行きませんでした

Dictionary Form

• Negative: あ stem ＋　～ない

• Negative past: あ stem 　＋　～なかった

Polite Form

• Negative: い stem　＋　ません

• Negative past: い　stem ＋　ませんでした

Exception

う line verbs conjugate わ・い・う・え・お　and not あ・い・う・え・お

Example:

笑う（わら・う）　

笑わない・笑わなかった

笑いません・笑いませんでした

Practice:

• 言う（い・う）

• 起こる（お・こる）

Ichidan

食べる　（た・べる） To eat

Form	Dictionary	Polite
Negative To not eat	食べない	食べません
Negative past Did not eat	食べなかった	食べませんでした

Ichidan verbs are even easier. Since the stem never changes, just take the stem (all you have to do is drop the る) and stick on the conjugation.

Dictionary Form

• Negative: stem ＋　～ない

• Negative past: stem 　＋　～なかった

Polite Form

• Negative: stem　＋　ません

• Negative past: stem ＋　ませんでした

Practice:

• いる

• できる

• 癒える（い・える）

All practice verbs come from either the song or the passage you picked! You'll notice there aren't many from your passage - that's because formal Japanese (moar polite! moar polite than polite Japanese!) has a whole different set of special-use verbs and conjugations. It's why I picked a song - it's easier to find actual examples of beginner grammar.

Drilling Practice

Pick as many as you want to drill from https://nihongoichiban.com/2011/08/21/list-of-all-verbs-for-the-jlpt-n5/ and practice.

Try to practice the whole range of sounds for godan verbs. For example:

• あう - to meet

• あく - to open

• だす - to take out/to hand in

• たつ - to stand

• しぬ - to die

• すむ - to live/to reside at

Most of all, let me know if this isn't helpful or is just plain confusing. It might function better as something supplementary to what's in regular textbooks!

As usual, feel free to ask all the things or post progress in the comments.
 

Comments

[yhlee]

BLESS YOU your explanation of 一段 vs. 五段 in terms of stems--and the whole a i u e o thing--makes SO much more sense than all the -ru vs. -u tables I have been exposed to! I feel like kicking a whole assload of textbooks, is what. YOU ROCK. :D

Korean is also agglutinative, thank God. :p

I was exposed to polite verb -ます、－増した、－ません、－ませんでした in a Japanese teach-yourself book that had everything in romaji so at least I know those forms by ear, ha. (Sorry if my spacing is wonky, BTW--I don't have a real good sense of how spacing works in Japanese writing.)

So, to practice　五段：

言う
言ない
言なかった
言ません
言ませんでした

起こる
起かない
起かなかった
起きません
起きませんでした

And for 一段 practice:

いる
いない
いなかった
いません
いませんでした

できる
できない
できなかった
できません
できませんでした

癒える
癒えない
癒えなかった
癒えません
癒えませんでした

I am not at all sure I have this right so if I have done something HILARIOUSLY AWFUL with the stems, er...yeah!

starter drill

[yhlee]

あう
あわない
あわなかった
あいません
あいませんでした

あく
あかない
あかなかった
あきません
あきませんでした

だす
ださない
ださなかった
だしません
だしませんでした

だつ (I may need help with this one? I guessed it was godan but when I went to jisho.org to double-check all I could find was a bunch of noun listings plus something about -suru verbs, which I'm not sure what that is?)
だたない
だたなかった
だちません
だちませんでした

しぬ
しなない (this is going to look weird no matter what, unless the repeated sound collapses somehow...? when I looked at jisho.org it said that this was an irregular verb, but of course I don't know where it's irregular?)
しななかった
しにません
しにませんでした

すむ
すまない
すまなかった
すみません
すみませんでした

verb drill, don't mind me

[yhlee]

終わる (to end)
(I notice that Seraph of the End uses "owari"--so is there a regular process of nominalization for verbs in Japanese?)
終わらない
終わらなかった
終わりません
終わりませんでした

聞く　(to listen)
聞かない
聞かなかった
聞きません
聞きませんでした

使う　(to use)
使わない
使わなかった
使いません
使いませんでした

忘れる (to forget)
忘れあない
忘れあなかった
忘れいません
忘れいませんでした

休む (to rest)
休まない
休まなかった
休みません
休みませんでした

見せる (to show)
見せない
見せなかった
見せません
見せませんでした

立つ (to stand)
立たない
立たなかった
立ちません
立ちませんでした

verb drill again

[yhlee]

開ける (to open)
開けない
開けなかった
開けません
開けませんでした

生まれる (to be born)
生まれない
生まれなかった
生まれません
生まれませんでした

泳ぐ (to swim)
泳がない
泳がなかった
泳ぎません
泳ぎませんでした

買う (to buy)
買わない
買わなかった
買いません
買いませんでした

消す (to turn off, to switch off)
消さない
消さなかった
消しません
消しませんでした

読む (to read)
読まない
読まなかった
読みません
読みませんでした

[yhlee]

Aaaaand katakana drill has paid off: I was looking up Tokyo Sogensha and could read ミステリ・ＳＦ・ファンタジー・ホラー! Also オリジナル. :D

(Okay, the "SF" was a gimme, but still!)

[swan_tower]

お疲れ様です。　昔々日本語を勉強しましたけど、本当に練習が要ります。　I'll try to play along!

(And if I screwed up anything above, please do correct it.)